Passing data with OSI modle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passing data with OSI modle - Essay Example formation relayed from a computer system passes through the application layer in its system which in turn transmits the same information to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer and so down the physical layer. The physical layer places the information in physical network radium and sent to the next computer system through the medium (Lathem 6). The physical phase in the receiving computer removes the information from the physical network medium and is received across the receiving computer system (Lathem 6). The physical layer of this computer passes the information upwards to the data link layer 2, which then passes on to the network layer 3 and so on until it reaches the application layer of the computer system. Eventually the application layer of the receiving computer system passes the information to its application program to finish the communication process (Lathem 6). Encapsulation process involves transmission of information that goes down the OSI model in the computer system in which the information originates from (Whitaker 44). The application layer which has the user interface passes data to the presentation layer and eventually to the session layer. There is extra information added by these three layers compared to the original information (Kasera 18). The new information is then passed on to the transport level in which information is broken down into smaller particles known as segments. These segments are well aligned to enable a stream of the same information to the recipient. The receiving layer receives information from the transport layer in segments that were subdivided (Whitaker 44). Network addressing and routing is done to the segments through the internet network. The data at this level includes the transport header and the upper information known as a packet (Kasera 18). The packets are added with an IP header of the network lay er then send to the Data link layer. The data link layer also transmits each packet in

The impact of oil price change on USs economy Research Paper

The impact of oil price change on USs economy - Research Paper Example An increase of 54% in the prices of crude oil in 2011 would lead to a double recession in the U.S. This paper aims at examining how shocks of oil prices in the past have impacted the U.S. economy, and makes predictions on how the economy will do in light of the recent oil prices. Using the methodology of forecasting from Hamilton (2008) with time analysis, the paper will use the impulse response functions from the prices of oil to predict the response of GDP. The literature review will be used to describe how oil is an integral part of the economy, and how recessions and oil shocks have coincided ever since World War II. The paper will point out the disagreements in the literature about the impacts of oil shocks on the U.S. economy as well as the asymmetry of price increases and price decreases. According to Hamilton (2010) when an embargo on oil was instituted by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) the global supply of oil fell by 7.5%. The 1973 oil crisis effects were far reaching. According to Forrester (1984), the U.S set the target of reducing the consumption of oil by 25% at that time led by Richard Nixon. A country wide speed limit of 55 miles per hour was temporarily passed by the congress, and this continues until 1988 (Frum, 2010). The use of Christmas trees was banned in Oregon State (Frum, 2010). Many gas stations in the U.S were shut down as a result of insufficient oil supply, as many other gas stations rationed the gasoline supply (Hamilton, 2010). The American lifestyle was threatened by the Middle East instability which had a huge effect on the American people (Dahl, 2003). As a result of the political turmoil in Libya in 2011, the prices of crude oil went up to two and a half year high. As the issue was addressed by the U.S president, it became clear that, the U.S used 7% less oil in 2011 than in 2005, but still depends on the foreign oil. According to the U.S. imports over 55% of crude oil from outside.